Imeko yobhubhane we-COVID-19 iphinda-phinda inkuthazo yotyalo-mali "kwiziseko ezintsha"

Isizathu sokuba "iziseko ezintsha" zibizwe ngokuba "zintsha" sinxulumene neziseko zemveli ezifana "nendiza kawonke-wonke yesinyithi", ekhonza ikakhulu iziseko zecala lesayensi netekhnoloji. Iprojekthi yembali efanayo "yeziseko ezintsha" "yesizwe" ecetywe nguMongameli wase-US uClinton ngo-1993. "Indlela yoLwazi eNkulu", ukwakhiwa kweziseko ezinkulu kwicandelo lolwazi, isicwangciso sibe nefuthe elikhulu kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye sadala uzuko lwexesha elizayo loqoqosho lolwazi lwase-US. Ngexesha loqoqosho lwemizi-mveliso, ukwakhiwa kweziseko kubonakala ekukhuthazeni izixhobo ezibonakalayo Ukuhamba kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwekhonkco lobonelelo; ngexesha loqoqosho lwedijithali, unxibelelwano oluphathwayo, idatha enkulu, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nezinye izixhobo zenethiwekhi kunye nezibonelelo zeziko ledatha ziye zaba ziziseko eziyimfuneko nezibanzi.

"Iziseko ezintsha" ezicetywayo ngeli xesha zinentsingiselo ebanzi kunye neenjongo zenkonzo ezibanzi. Umzekelo, i-5G yeyonxibelelwano lweselula, i-UHV yeyombane, oololiwe abakhawulezayo phakathi kwezixeko kunye noololiwe abaphakathi kwezixeko ziindlela zokuhamba, amaziko edatha amakhulu enzelwe i-intanethi kunye neenkonzo zedijithali, kwaye ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye ne-intanethi yemizi-mveliso ziindawo ezityebileyo nezihlukeneyo. Oku kunokubangela ingxaki yokuba yonke into ilayishwe kuyo, kodwa oku kukwanxulumene negama elithi "intsha" kuba izinto ezintsha zihlala ziphuhla.

Ngowama-2019, ii-arhente ezifanelekileyo zalungisa isiseko sedatha seprojekthi ye-PPP yasekhaya, ngotyalo-mali olupheleleyo lwe-17.6 trillion yuan, kwaye ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso kuseyintloko enkulu, i-7.1 trillion yuan, ebalelwa kwi-41%; izindlu zibekwe kwindawo yesibini, i-3.4 trillion yuan, ebalelwa kwi-20%; "Iziseko zophuhliso ezintsha" zimalunga ne-100 billion yuan, ebalelwa kwi-0.5%, kwaye isixa sisonke asisikhulu. Ngokwezibalo ze-21st Century Business Herald, ukusukela nge-5 kaMatshi, uluhlu lwezicwangciso zotyalo-mali zexesha elizayo ezikhutshwe ngamaphondo kunye noomasipala abangama-24 lushwankathelwe, lubandakanya iiprojekthi ezingama-22,000, ezine-47.6 trillion yuan, kunye notyalo-mali olucwangcisiweyo lwe-8 trillion yuan ngo-2020. Umlinganiselo "weziseko zophuhliso ezintsha" sele umalunga ne-10%.

Ngexesha lobhubhane, uqoqosho lwedijithali lubonakalise amandla aqinileyo, kwaye iifomathi ezininzi zedijithali ezifana nobomi belifu, iofisi yelifu, kunye noqoqosho lwelifu ziye zanda ngamandla, zongeza amandla amatsha kulwakhiwo "lweziseko ezitsha". Emva kobhubhane, ukuqwalaselwa kwenkuthazo yoqoqosho, "iziseko ezitsha" kuya kufumana ingqalelo engakumbi kunye notyalo-mali olukhulu, kwaye kukhokelele kulindelo olungakumbi lokukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho.

Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ngamandla kwiindawo ezisixhenxe

Indawo yeendawo ezisixhenxe eziphambili "zeziseko ezintsha" isekelwe kuqoqosho lwedijithali kunye noqoqosho olukrelekrele. Ishishini lesinyithi liya kuxhamla kumandla amatsha e-kinetic kunye namathuba amatsha anikezelwa "ziziseko ezintsha" ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kwaye "iziseko" ziya kubonelela ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko ezisisiseko.

Zihlelwe ngokweendawo ezisixhenxe kunye namandla esinyithi kwizixhobo zentsimbi, ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, zezi: oololiwe abakhawulezayo kunye noololiwe abaphakathi kwezixeko, i-UHV, inqwaba yokutshaja kwezithuthi zamandla amatsha, isikhululo sesiseko se-5G, iziko ledatha elikhulu, i-intanethi yezimboni, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa.

Ngokwe "Isicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu seSizwe sikaLoliwe", isicwangciso seemayile zeshishini likaloliwe ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu sowama-2020 siza kuba ziikhilomitha ezingama-30,000. Ngowama-2019, i-mileage yokusebenza yangoku yesitimela esikhawulezayo ifikelele kwiikhilomitha ezingama-35,000, kwaye usukelo lugqithiwe ngaphambi kwexesha elicwangcisiweyo." Ngowama-2020, uloliwe wesizwe uza kutyala imali eyi-800 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan kwaye aqalise ukusebenza imigca emitsha yeekhilomitha ezingama-4,000, apho uloliwe okhawulezayo uza kuba ziikhilomitha ezingama-2,000. Ingqwalasela iya kuba kwiintsilelo, iinethiwekhi ezifihliweyo, kunye nobunzulu botyalo-mali buya kuba bufana ngo-2019. Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yokwakhiwa okusisiseko kothungelwano lomqolo wesizwe, ngo-2019, i-mileage iyonke yemizila yasezidolophini kweli lizwe iya kufikelela kwiikhilomitha ezingama-6,730, ukwanda kweekhilomitha ezingama-969, kwaye amandla otyalo-mali aya kuba malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-700. Iqhutywa yinguqulelo ephuculweyo yomgaqo-nkqubo "weziseko ezintsha", Uqhagamshelo lweSithili phantsi kothungelwano lomqolo, iiprojekthi zokubethela, oko kukuthi oololiwe abakhawulezayo phakathi kwezixeko kunye nothutho lomzila phakathi kwezixeko, ziya kuba yinto ephambili kulwakhiwo lwexesha elizayo. Okukhona iindawo ziphuhlile ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho, kokukhona imfuno enamandla, ingqwalasela elandelayo yengingqi yiYangtze River IDelta, iZhuhai Ngokwesicwangciso "seShanghai 2035", iChangjiang, iBeijing, iTianjin, iHebei kunye neChangjiang ziya kwenza uthungelwano lothutho lwesitimela oluhamba "neekhilomitha ezintathu ezili-1000" lwemigca yasezidolophini, imizila ephakathi kwezixeko, kunye nemigca yasekuhlaleni. Utyalo-mali lwe-100 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika koololiwe lufuna ubuncinane ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi eyi-0.333. Kukho utyalo-mali lwe-1 trillion yeedola zaseMelika ukuqhuba imfuno yeetoni ezingama-3333 zentsimbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide zizinto zokwakha kunye nezixhobo zoololiwe.

I-UHV. Eli candelo liqhutywa kakhulu yiGrid kaRhulumente. Ngoku kucacile ukuba ngo-2020, ii-UHV ezisi-7 ziya kuvunywa. Oku kutsalwa kwentsimbi kubonakala kakhulu kwintsimbi yombane. Ngo-2019, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi yombane yi-979 tons, enyuke nge-6.6% amaxesha amaninzi. Emva kokwanda kotyalo-mali lwegridi oluziswe yi-UHV, kulindeleke ukuba imfuno yentsimbi yombane inyuke.

Inqwaba yokutshaja yezithuthi ezintsha zamandla. Ngokwe "Isicwangciso soPhuhliso lweShishini leZithuthi zaMandla amatsha", umlinganiselo wokudilika yi-1:1, kwaye kuya kubakho iinqwaba zokutshaja ezimalunga nezigidi ezisi-7 eTshayina ngo-2025. Inqwaba yokutshaja ibandakanya ikakhulu umnini wezixhobo, iintambo, iikholamu kunye nezinye izinto ezincedisayo. Inqwaba yokutshaja ye-7KW ixabisa malunga nama-20,000, kwaye i-120KW ifuna malunga ne-150,000. Ubungakanani bentsimbi kwiinqwaba zokutshaja ezincinci buyancipha. Ezikhulu ziya kubandakanya intsimbi ethile kwizibiyeli. Zibalwa ngokomyinge weetoni eziyi-0.5 nganye, iinqwaba zokutshaja ezizigidi ezisi-7 zifuna malunga neetoni ezingama-350 zentsimbi.

Isikhululo sesiseko se-5G. Ngokwesibikezelo se-China Information Communication Institute, utyalo-mali lwelizwe lam kulwakhiwo lwenethiwekhi ye-5G kulindeleke ukuba lufikelele kwi-1.2 trillion yuan ngo-2025; utyalo-mali kwizixhobo ze-5G ngo-2020 luya kuba yi-90.2 yeebhiliyoni, apho i-45.1 yeebhiliyoni iya kutyalwa kwizixhobo eziphambili, kwaye ezinye izixhobo ezincedisayo ezifana neemasti zetower zonxibelelwano ziya kubandakanywa. Iziseko zophuhliso ze-5G zahlulwe zibe ziintlobo ezimbini zezikhululo zesiseko se-macro kunye nezikhululo zesiseko se-micro. Inqaba enkulu yangaphandle sisikhululo sesiseko se-macro kwaye kugxilwe kulwakhiwo olukhulu lwangoku. Ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sesiseko se-macro kwenziwa zizixhobo eziphambili, izixhobo ezixhasa umbane, ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo, njl. Intsimbi ebandakanyekayo ligumbi lomatshini, iikhabhathi, iikhabhathi, iimasti zetower zonxibelelwano, njl. Umthamo wentsimbi we-mast yetower yonxibelelwano ubandakanya ubuninzi, kwaye ubunzima benqaba eqhelekileyo yeetyhubhu ezintathu bumalunga neetoni eziyi-8.5, kodwa uninzi lwezikhululo zesiseko se-macro kunye nezikhululo zesiseko se-micro ziya kuxhomekeka kwi-2/3/4G ekhoyo kunye nezinye izibonelelo zonxibelelwano. Izikhululo zeziseko ezincinci zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi, apho ukusetyenziswa kwesinyithi kuncinci. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kwesinyithi ngokubanzi okuqhutywa zizikhululo zesiseko ze-5G akuyi kuba kukhulu kakhulu. Ngokomlinganiselo wotyalo-mali lwezikhululo zesiseko lwe-5%, isinyithi siyafuneka, kwaye utyalo-mali lwetriliyoni zeedola kwi-5G luqhuba ukusetyenziswa kwesinyithi ukuba kunyuke malunga ne-50 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi.

Iziko ledatha elikhulu, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, i-intanethi yemizi-mveliso. Utyalo-mali lwezixhobo zekhompyutha lukwiigumbi zeekhompyutha, iiseva, njl.njl., xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindawo ezine, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ngokuthe ngqo kuncinci.

Ukubona Ukusetyenziswa kweNsimbi "kwiZiseko ezitsha" ezivela kwiSampuli zaseGuangdong

Nangona ubungakanani bentsimbi esetyenziswa kwiindawo ezisixhenxe eziphambili buhluka, kuba ezothutho zikaloliwe zibangela inxalenye enkulu yotyalo-mali olutsha lweziseko zophuhliso kunye nolwakhiwo, kuya kuba lula kakhulu ukunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi. Ngokoluhlu lweeprojekthi zotyalo-mali ezipapashwe yiPhondo laseGuangdong, kukho iiprojekthi zokwakha ezibalulekileyo eziyi-1,230 ngo-2020, kunye notyalo-mali olupheleleyo lwe-5.9 trillion yuan, kunye neeprojekthi zokuqala ezingama-868, kunye notyalo-mali olupheleleyo oluqikelelweyo lwe-3.4 trillion yuan. Iziseko zophuhliso ezintsha ziyi-1 trillion yuan, ezibalelwa kwi-10% yesicwangciso sotyalo-mali siphela se-9.3 trillion yuan.

Lilonke, utyalo-mali olupheleleyo lwezothutho lwesitimela phakathi kwezixeko kunye nezothutho lwesitimela sasezidolophini yi-906.9 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, ezibalelwa kwi-90%. Isikali sotyalo-mali se-90% yindawo exineneyo kakhulu ngentsimbi, kwaye inani leeprojekthi ezingama-39 lingaphezulu kakhulu kunezinye iindawo. Ngokolwazi oluvela kwiKhomishini yoPhuhliso noHlaziyo yeSizwe, ukuvunywa kweeprojekthi zothutho lwesitimela phakathi kwezixeko kunye nezothutho lwasezidolophini sele kufikelele kwizigidigidi. Kulindeleke ukuba le ndawo ibe yindawo ephambili yotyalo-mali kwiziseko ezitsha ngokubhekiselele kubukhulu kunye nobungakanani.

Ngoko ke, "iziseko ezitsha" lithuba lokuba ishishini lesinyithi likhuthaze umgangatho walo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kwaye liya kuba yindawo entsha yokukhula kwemfuno yesinyithi.